International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC)

AIRCC PUBLISHING CORPORATION

IJNSA 02

A Chaotic Confusion-Diffusion Image Encryption Based On Henon Map

 Ashraf Afifi

 Department of Computer Engineering, | Computers and Information Technology College, Taif University, Al-Hawiya 21974, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

 

Abstract

 This paper suggests chaotic confusion-diffusion image encryption based on the Henon map. The proposed chaotic confusion-diffusion image encryption utilizes image confusion and pixel diffusion in two levels. In the first level, the plainimage is scrambled by a modified Henon map for n rounds. In the second level, the scrambled image is diffused using Henon chaotic map. Comparison between the logistic map and modified Henon map is established to investigate the effectiveness of the suggested chaotic confusion-diffusion image encryption scheme. Experimental results showed that the suggested chaotic confusion-diffusion image encryption scheme can successfully encrypt/decrypt images using the same secret keys. Simulation results confirmed that the ciphered images have good entropy information and low correlation between coefficients. Besides the distribution of the gray values in the ciphered image has random-like behavior.

Keywords

 Chaos, Encryptions, Henon map, Shuffle, Confusion, Diffusion.

1. Introduction

This document describes and is written to conform to, author guidelines for the journals of AIRCC series.  The rapid development of digital technology and network communications during the past decade has made a great change in people’s work and life. Images have special features is used how the bulk data capacity and the high level of data redundancy. These features make image encryption harder than texts. To overcome this limitation, several methods of image encryption have been suggested to secure the digital image contents. The chaotic systems properties have been reported to be suitable for images ciphering. The main properties are the sensitivity to initial conditions, the ergodicity and mixing and the determinism [1-9]. Therefore, the secure transmission of confidential and sensitive information on networks has become a major research problem.

Image chaotic ciphering in previous works relied on either image confusion or diffusion process. Confusion image is generated by permuting positions of pixels. The confusion functions are mainly the Standard map [10], the Arnold cat map [2], the Baker map [11], and the logistic map. Diffusion is the process of changing pixels gray values of the image. The main diffusion functions are Chen’s map, logistic map, and the Henon map.

In [2], Peterson ciphered “cat image” by scrambling it based on Arnold cat map. However, after iterating enough times the ciphering algorithm, the plain image reappeared. So, we concluded that image ciphering by confusing or diffusing alone is not enough to resist to an eventual attack. In Gao et al.’s image cryptosystem [3], the plain image pixels are masked by a pseudo-random chaotic sequence generated by power and tangent function. In Kwok scheme [4], the keystream for masking is obtained by the cascading of the skewed Tent map and a high-dimensional Cat map. Nien at [5] suggested encrypting the RGB components of a digital color image separately using three variables of a third-order RLC chaotic circuit. Pareek at [6] used an external key and a  logistic map output to select one of the eight possible operations is selected to encrypt image pixel.

In [7], Fridrich reported that chaos-based image encryption includes two iterative stages namely chaotic confusion and pixel diffusion. Zhang at [12] used a discrete exponential chaotic map for pixel permutation and simple XOR logic function for diffusion.

Our paper suggests a Henon map based confusion-diffusion, then compares it with the logistic map, and then uses the suggested modified Henon map for confusion-diffusion mechanism in the suggested chaotic image encryption system.

The rest of the paper is structured as follows: The Henon map based confusion and diffusion is explored in Section 2. Section 3 introduces the suggested image encryption technique with confusion and diffusion. The test results discussions are presented in section 4. Finally, section 5 concludes this work.

2. Fundamentals Knowledge

2.1. Henon Chaotic System

A Henon chaotic system is a 2-D dynamic system as suggested in [13] to simplify the Lorenz map [14] defined by properties of eq.1 .

3. The Proposed Image Encryption Technique

In the suggested modified Henon map will be defined in terms of two basic processes namely ciphering and deciphering. As shown in Fig.1, it has two stages for ciphering /deciphering, respectively. The ciphering stage starts by reading the plain image. Then, fed to the chaotic Henon map confusion and apply the chaotic Henon map diffusion ciphering is applied according to eq. 3 and eq. 4.

The ciphering steps can be summarized as follows:

  • Read the plainimage.
  • Apply a chaotic Henon map confusion on the plainimage.
  • Apply a chaotic Henon map diffusion on the previously confused plainimage.

Figure 1. The Proposed Image Encryption

The receiver starts by applying the deciphering stage in the same steps but reverse order used in the ciphering stage.

The steps of deciphering stage are summarized as follows:

  • Read the cipher image.
  • Apply the inverse of the chaotic diffusion Henon map on the ciphered image.
  • Apply the inverse of the chaotic confusion Henon map on the resulted image produced in step 2 to obtain the find decrypted image.

4. Simulation Results

In this section, some security analysis results on the suggested ciphering technique are described, including some important tests like statistical and differential analysis [17-20] and comparing its performance with a chaotic 2-D logistic map ciphering. The three images of the Bata, Girl, and peppers of 256×256-sized are shown in Fig.2 have been used in the tests

Figure 2. Test Images – Bata, Girl and Peppers Images

The encryption outcomes of plainimages employing the proposed chaotic Henon map encryption technique and conventional 2-D logistic map are illustrated in Fig. 3 for Bata, Girl and Peppers images, respectively. It is obvious that the encryption with the proposed chaotic Henon map outperforms in the concealment of all images details.

Figure 3. Encrypted images using proposed a chaotic Henon map and 2-D Logistic map

4.1 Abstract Correlation Analysis

The Abstract section begins with the word, The correlation rxy is calculated as [15-16, 21]:


where ; x and y are gray values of pixels of the two images x, y.

After measuring the correlation between the plainimage and encrypted image, if it does not equals 1, the plainimage and its encrypted image are the same, if it equals 0, the encrypted image is completely different from the original and if it equals -1, the encrypted image is the negative of the plainimage.

4.2 Entropy Analysis

Shannon entropy calculates the information involved within the image. It is calculated in bits. It can be calculated as [16]:

Where ; mi  is a symbol and 2N-1 is the occurrence number of mi in the image. Consequently, large entropy value indicates good encryption.

4.3. The Histogram Analysis

The histogram deviation (HD) asses the encryption quality by examining how it enlarges between the difference between the plain and the encrypted images according to [22]. The  can be estimated as follows:


According to [16,21] [21], the NPCR can be calculated as follows:

achieving greater NPCR value, the algorithm is more secure.

we will compare the chaotic 2-Logistic map to the suggested a chaotic Henon map numerically.Table 1 shows entropy, corr., HI, HD, NPCR , and UACI  of the three images compared with their ciphered ones when being ciphered with a chaotic 2-D Logistic map and the suggested a chaotic Henon map.

Table 1: The quality matrices results of the estimated correlation, entropy, HD, HI, NCPR, and UACI for encrypted images using a chaotic 2-D Logistic map and by the suggested a chaotic Henon map

From this table, The entropy in the suggested a chaotic Henon map is greater than the chaotic 2-D Logistic map in “Bata”,” Girl” and in ”Peppers” images and it is near 8. it is noticed that the corr., HD, and HI in all encrypted images by  the suggested a chaotic Henon map are better than those of encrypted by a chaotic 2-D Logistic map.

From Figure 4, the HD and HI in the suggested a chaotic Hanon map is better than the chaotic 2-D Logistic map.

Figure 4. Histogram results of the plainimages and encrypted using the proposed Henon and 2-D Logistic

It is also noticed that the values of UACI are very near to 33%. So, the suggested encryption technique is secure. The NPCR values are higher than 99% and therefore, changing a single pixel in the plainimage to be ciphered will lead to a ciphered image that is quite different from the outcoming encrypted image of the plainimage.

4.6. The PSNR measure

The PSNR is a calculation that quantifies the difference between the plainimage and the decrypted image. It is computed as [15,17-18]:

Table 2: The PSNR for decrypted images using a chaotic Henon map and 2-D logistic map.in the presence of AWGN noise for zero mean and different variances (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2).

Table 3: The decrypted images using a chaotic Henon map and 2-D logistic map.in the presence of AWGN noise for zero mean and different variances (0.05,0.1,0.15, and 0.2).

Table 4: The PSNR for decrypted images using a chaotic Henon map and 2-D  logistic map.in the presence of Speckle noise for different variances (0.05,0.1,0.15, and 0.2).

Table 5: The decrypted images using a chaotic Henon map and 2-D logistic map.in the presence of Speckle noise for different variances (0.05,0.1,0.15, and 0.2).

4.7. The Structure Similarity Index  (FSIM)

The FSIM evaluate the deciphered image and can be defined as [23]:

Table 6: The FSIM for decrypted images using a chaotic Henon map and 2-D  logistic map.in the presence of AWGN noise for zero mean  and different variances (0.05,0.1,0.15, and 0.2).

Table 7: The FSIM for decrypted images using a chaotic Henon map and 2-D  logistic map.in the presence of Speckle noise for different variances (0.05,0.1,0.15, and 0.2).

4.8. The Structure Similarity Index (SSIM)

The SSIM can be computed as [23]:


 

Table 8: The SSIM for decrypted images using a chaotic Henon map and 2-D logistic map.in the presence of AWGN noise for zero mean and different variances (0.05,0.1,0.15, and 0.2).

Table 9: The SSIM for decrypted images using a chaotic Henon map and 2-D logistic map.in the presence of Speckle noise for different variances (0.05,0.1,0.15, and 0.2).

5. Conclusion

Aiming to improve the encryption security, we purpose in this paper a chaotic confusion-diffusion image encryption scheme based on Henon map. The security measures are performed on both the 2-D logistic map and the proposed chaotic confusion-diffusion Hénon map to compare their performance.The test results have proved that the proposed image encryption technique offers high-security level, and outperforms with its excellent potential of encryption. Compared to other methods of encryptions from the state of arts, the suggested technique offers high-security level and can immune many types of attacks such as the known-plaintext, cipher text-only attack, differential attack, and statistical attack.

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